Castagnolli KC, de Figueiredo LB, Santana DA, de Castro MB, Romano MA, Szabo MP (2003) Acquired resistance of horses to Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787) ticks.de la Fuente J, Kocan KM (2006) Strategies for development of vaccines for control of ixodid tick species.Chapin Iii FS, Zavaleta ES, Eviner VT, Naylor RL, Vitousek PM, Reynolds HL, Hooper DU, Lavorel S, Sala OE, Hobbie SE, Mack MC, Diaz S (2000) Consequences of changing biodiversity.Fyumagwa RD, Runyoro V, Horak IG, Hoare R (2007) Ecology and control of ticks as disease vectors in wildlife of the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania.Parra MH, Peláez SL, Segura CF, Arcos JC, Londoño A, Díaz E, Vanegas MA (1999) Manejo integrado de garrapatas en bovinos.George JE, Pound JM, Davey RB (2004) Chemical control of ticks on cattle and the resistance of these parasites to acaricides.Jongejan F, Uilenberg G (2004) The global importance of ticks.Parola P, Raoult D (2001) Ticks and tickborne bacterial diseases in humans: an emerging infectious threat.General considerations in the efficacy calculation for any anti-tick vaccine are also discussed. Detailed methodologies for the establishment of a biological model to test new molecules as immunogens against ticks and to perform challenge trials with this model are presented. Considerations about different methods for the tick control compared to the immunological methods, the desirable characteristics for an anti-tick vaccine and the obstacles encountered for developing this kind of vaccines are discussed. This chapter presents methodologies for the design and test of molecules as antigens against ticks. These issues have stimulated research for additional tick protective antigens with critical functions in the tick. Nevertheless, it has limited or no efficacy against other tick species. microplus ticks in different geographical regions. Gavac within integrated tick management systems has proven to reduce the number of acaricidal applications per year that are required to control some strains of R. Vaccination as a tick control method has been practiced since the introduction of TickGARD and Gavac that were developed using the midgut glycoprotein Bm86 as antigen. ![]() These issues highlight the need for alternative approaches to control tick infestations and have triggered the search for tick protective antigens for vaccine development. However, this is accompanied by the selection of acaricide-resistant ticks and contamination of environment and milk and meat products with drug residues. ![]() The use of acaricides constitutes a major component of integrated tick control strategies. Ticks are responsible for the transmission of viral, bacterial, and protozoal diseases of man and animals and also produce significant economic losses to cattle industry.
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